Tests can also determine the likelihood of someone being a biological grandparent. Paternity testing can be especially important when the rights and duties of the father are in issue and a child's paternity is in doubt. The word "allele", an abbreviated term for "allelomorph" meaning "other form", which was used in the early days of genetics to describe variant forms of a gene detected as different phenotypes. An example being, a man who has type AB blood could not father a child with type O blood, because he would pass on either the A or the B allele to all of his offspring. In cases of questioned paternity, ABO blood-typing can be used to exclude a man from being a child's father. Before DNA analysis was available, blood types were the most common factor considered in human paternity testing. Paternity can be determined by highly accurate tests conducted on blood or tissue samples of the father - or alleged father, mother and child. In an emergency, type O blood can be given because it is most likely to be accepted by all blood types. Therefore, it is important that blood types be matched before blood transfusions take place. If two different blood types are mixed together, the blood cells may begin to clump together in the blood vessels, causing a potentially fatal situation. If the blood types are not compatible, red blood cells will clump together, making clots that can block blood vessels and cause death. In a blood transfusion, a patient must receive a blood type compatible with his or her own blood type.
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